Экономика каменного века - Маршал Салинз
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торговых путей в деревни и этнические группы, прежде не входившие в систему, набор торговых т
Экономики каменного века контактов может быть строго ограничен традицией наследования партнерства. Или, напротив, создание новых торговых отношений может быть облегчено, и тогда меновые стоимости будут легче поддаваться ревизии. Короче говоря, экономическая гибкость системы зависит от социальной структуры торговых отношений.
Если процесс, подобный обрисованному здесь вчерне, и вправду описывает изменения меновых стоимостей на протяжении длительных временных отрезков, тогда на высоком уровне абстракции его можно уподобить предпринимательской конкуренции (с большой долей несовершенства). Конечно, различия глубоки. В примитивной торговле путь к экономическому равновесию пролегает не через игру автономных индивидов или фирм, фиксирующих цену через посредство параллельных состязаний покупателей и продавцов. Напротив, скорее он начался с запрета на конкуренцию в пределах каждой общины, пересек структуру институализированных договорных отношений, которые соединяли партнеров связями различной степени прочности — партнеров, взаимно обязанных быть щедрыми, — постепенно пришел к разлучению тех, кто несклонен к таким обязанностям, и, наконец, к выработке аналогов «цены». Сходство с рынком проступает тогда, когда абстрагируешься от всего этого, как и от защищенного от влияния спроса/предложения пространственно-временного диапазона. Возможно, в действительности не одна декада лет требуется, чтобы пройти путь от торговли с одной этнической группой до партнерства с другой. И тогда примитивная система, рассматриваемая 1 глобальном масштабе, вводит именно таких людей, какие нужны, в отношения торговли, ведущейся именно на тех условиях, которые достаточно адекватно отражают доступность и полезность товаров.
Но каков теоретический статус того общего, что остается, если абстрагироваться от конкретного? Впервые это общее было правильно понято при изучении его конкретной буржуазной формы. Делает ли это его аналитической частной собственностью классической Экономики? С легким сердцем можно сказать «нет», так как в своей буржуазной форме экономический процесс не является общим, в то время, как в общей форме он не является буржуазным. Заключение к анализу этой стороны меланезийской торговли может также послужить и общим заключением: примитивная теория меновой стоимости тоже необходима, и, вероятно, возможна, чтобы не сказать, что она уже существует.
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