Роботы наступают - Мартин Форд

269

Источник данных: База данных по экономической статистике Федеральной резервной системы (Federal Reserve Economic Data, FRED), Федеральный резервный банк Сент-Луиса: прибыль корпораций после уплаты налогов (без IVA и CCAdj) с учетом сезонных колебаний [CP] и розничные продажи: всего (кроме продуктов питания) [RSXFS]; http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CP/; http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/RSXFS/; по состоянию на 29.04.2014.

270

Joseph E. Stiglitz, «Inequality Is Holding Back the Recovery», New York Times, January 19, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/19/inequality-is-holding-back-the-recovery.

271

Вашингтонский центр равного роста (Washington Center for Equitable Growth), интервью с Робертом Солоу, 14.01.2014, см. видеоролик: http://equitablegrowth.org/2014/01/14/1472/our-bob-solow-equitable-growth-interview-tuesday-focus-january-14-2014.

272

Paul Krugman, «Inequality and Recovery», New York Times (The Conscience of a Liberal blog), January 20, 2013, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/20/inequality-and-recovery/.

273

См., например: Krugman's «Cogan, Taylor, and the Confidence Fairy», New York Times (The Conscience of a Liberal blog), March 19, 2013, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/cogan-taylor-and-the-confidence-fairy/.

274

Paul Krugman, «How Did Economists Get It So Wrong?», New York Times Magazine, September 2, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic-t.html.

275

John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936), ch. 21; книга доступна в Интернете по адресу: http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300071h/chap21.html.

276

См. подробнее о производительности в США в пресс-релизе Бюро трудовой статистик США от 06.03.2014: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/prod2.nr0.htm.

277

Lawrence Mishel, «Declining Value of the Federal Minimum Wage Is a Major Factor Driving Inequality», Economic Policy Institute, February 21, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/declining-federal-minimum-wage-inequality/.

278

Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (New York: Harper, 2004), p. 66.

279

Emmanuel Saez, «Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States», University of California, Berkeley, September 3, 2013, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf.

280

Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry, «Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin?», International Monetary Fund, April 8, 2011, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2011/sdn1108.pdf.

281

Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry, «Warning! Inequality May Be Hazardous to Your Growth», iMFdirect, April 8, 2011, http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2011/04/08/inequality-and-growth/.

282

Ellen Florian Kratz, «The Risk in Subprime», CNN Money, March 1, 2007, http://money.cnn.com/2007/02/28/magazines/fortune/subprime.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2007030117.

283

Senior Supervisors Group, «Progress Report on Counterparty Data», January 15, 2014, http://www.newyorkfed.org/newsevents/news/banking/2014/SSG_Progress_Report_on_Counterparty_January2014.pdf.

284

Noah Smith, «Drones Will Cause an Upheaval of Society Like We Haven't Seen in 700 Years», Quartz, March 11, 2014, http://qz.com/185945/drones-are-about-to-upheave-society-in-a-way-we-havent-seen-in-700-years.

285

Barry Bluestone and Mark Melnik, «After the Recovery: Help Needed», Civic Ventures, 2010, http://www.encore.org/files/research/JobsBluestonePaper3-5-10.pdf.

286

Andy Sharp and Masaaki Iwamoto, «Japan Real Wages Fall to Global Recession Low in Abe [Japanese Prime Minister] Risk», Bloomberg Businessweek, February 5, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-02-05/japan-real-wages-fall-to-global-recession-low-in-spending-risk.

287

См. подробнее о безработице среди молодых: Ian Sivera, «Italy's Youth Unemployment at 42 % as Jobless Rate Hits 37-Year High». International Business Times, January 8, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/italys-jobless-rate-hits-37-year-record-high-youth-unemployment-reaches-41-6-1431445; а также: Ian Sivera, «Spain's Youth Unemployment Rate Hits 57.7 % as Europe Faces a 'Lost Generation'», International Business Times, January 8, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/spains-youth-unemployment-rate-hits-57-7-europe-faces-lost-generation-1431480.

288

James M. Poterba, «Retirement Security in an Aging Society», National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 19930, issued in February 2014, http://www.nber.org/papers/w19930, а также http://www.nber.org/papers/w19930.pdf. См. таблицу 9 на с. 21.

289

Там же., на основе таблицы 15 на с. 39; см. ряд под заголовком «Joint & Survivor, Male 65 and Female 60, 100 % Survivor Income-Life Annuity». В рамках альтернативного плана с 3 %-ным ежегодным повышением суммы такое домохозяйство получало бы всего лишь $3700 (или около $300 в месяц).

290

Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, «The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?», Oxford Martin School, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, September 17, 2013, p. 38, http://www.futuretech.ox.ac.uk/sites/futuretech.ox.ac.uk/files/The_Future_of_Employment_OMS_Working_Paper_1.pdf.

291

Данные по демографической ситуации в Китае см.: Deirdre Wang Morris, «China's Aging Population Threatens Its Manufacturing Might», CNBC, October 24, 2012, http://www.cnbc.com/id/49498720 и «World Population Ageing 2013», United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, p. 32, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf.

292

Подробнее о норме сбережений в Китае (которая, как уже было сказано, превышает 40 %) см.: Keith B. Richburg, «Getting Chinese to Stop Saving and Start Spending Is a Hard Sell», Washington Post, July 5, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/getting-chinese-to-stop-saving-and-start-spending-is-a-hard-sell/2012/07/04/gJQAc7P6OW_story_1.html, и «China's Savings Rate World's Highest», China People's Daily, November 30, 2012, http://english.people.com.cn/90778/8040481.html.

293

Mike Riddell, «China's Investment/GDP Ratio Soars to a Totally Unsustainable 54.4 %. Be Afraid», Bond Vigilantes, January 14, 2014, http://www.bondvigilantes.com/blog/2014/01/24/chinas-investmentgdp-ratio-soars-to-a-totally-unsustainable-54-4-be-afraid/.

294

Dexter Robert, «Expect China Deposit Rate Liberalization Within Two Years, Says Central Bank Head», Bloomberg Businessweek, March 11, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-03-11/china-deposit-rate-liberalization-within-two-years-says-head-of-chinas-central-bank.

295

Shang-Jin Wei and Xiaobo Zhang, «Sex Ratios and Savings Rates: Evidence from 'Excess Men' in China», February 16, 2009, http://igov.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Shang-Jin.pdf.

296

Caroline Baum, «So Who's Stealing China's Manufacturing Jobs?», Bloomberg News, October 14, 2003, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aRI4bAft7Xw4.

297

Подробнее о связи инвестиций и бизнес-циклов см.: Paul Krugman, «Shocking Barro», New York Times (The Conscience of a Liberal blog), September 12, 2011, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/shocking-barro/.

298

Stephen Hawking, Stuart Russell, Max Tegmark, and Frank Wilczek, «Stephen Hawking: 'Transcendence Looks at the Implications of Artificial Intelligence — But Are We Taking AI Seriously Enough? '», The Independent, May 1, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-ai-seriously-enough-9313474.html.

299

Баррат Д. Последнее изобретение человечества. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2015.

300

Yann LeCun, Google+ Post, October 28, 2013, https://plus.google.com/+YannLeCunPhD/posts/Qwj9EEkUJXY.

301

Gary Marcus, «Hyping Artificial Intelligence, Yet Again», New Yorker (Elements blog), January 1, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2014/01/the-new-york-times-artificial-intelligence-hype-machine.html.

302

Vernor Vinge, «The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era», NASA VISION-21 Symposium, March 30–31, 1993.

303

Vernor Vinge, «The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era», NASA VISION-21 Symposium, March 30–31, 1993.

304

Robert M. Geraci, «The Cult of Kurzweil: Will Robots Save Our Souls?», USC Religion Dispatches, http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/culture/4456/the_cult_of_kurzweil%3A_will_robots_save_our_souls/.