Роботы наступают - Мартин Форд

185

Thomas L. Friedman, «Revolution Hits the Universities», New York Times, January 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/opinion/sunday/friedman-revolution-hits-the-universities.html.

186

Пресс-релиз Penn Graduate School of Education: «Penn GSE Study Shows MOOCs Have Relatively Few Active Users, with Only a Few Persisting to Course End», December 5, 2013, http://www.gse.upenn.edu/pressroom/press-releases/2013/12/penn-gse-study-shows-moocs-have-relatively-few-active-users-only-few-persisti.

187

Tamar Lewin, «After Setbacks, Online Courses Are Rethought», New York Times, December 10, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/us/after-setbacks-online-courses-are-rethought.html.

188

Alexandra Tilsley, «Paying for an A», Inside Higher Ed, September 21, 2012, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/09/21/sites-offering-take-courses-fee-pose-risk-online-ed.

189

Jeffrey R. Young, «Dozens of Plagiarism Incidents Are Reported in Coursera's Free Online Courses», Chronicle of Higher Education, August 16, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Dozens-of-Plagiarism-Incidents/133697/.

190

«MOOCs and Security» (MIT Geospacial Data Center blog), October 9, 2012, http://cybersecurity.mit.edu/2012/10/moocs-and-security/.

191

Steve Kolowich, «Doubts About MOOCs Continue to Rise, Survey Finds», Chronicle of Higher Education, January 15, 2014, http://chronicle.com/article/Doubts-About-MOOCs-Continue-to/144007/.

192

Jeffrey J. Selingo, College Unbound, p. 4.

193

Michelle Jamrisko and Ilan Kole, «College Costs Surge 500 % in U. S. Since 1985: Chart of the Day», Bloomberg Personal Finance, August 26, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-26/college-costs-surge-500-in-u-s-since-1985-chart-of-the-day.html.

194

См. о кредитах на обучение: Rohit Chopra, «Student Debt Swells, Federal Loans Now Top a Trillion», Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, July 17, 2013; также см.: Blake Ellis, «Average Student Loan Debt: $29,400», CNN Money, December 5, 2013, http://money.cnn.com/2013/12/04/pf/college/student-loan-debt/.

195

См. информацию о численности выпускников на сайте Национального центра образовательной статистики (National Center of Education Statistics): http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=40.

196

Selingo, College Unbound, p. 27.

197

«Senior Administrators Now Officially Outnumber Faculty at the UC» (Reclaim UC blog), September 19, 2011, http://reclaimuc.blogspot.com/2011/09/senior-administrators-now-officially.html.

198

Selingo, College Unbound, p. 28.

199

Selingo, College Unbound, p. 28.

200

См. видеоролик с интервью, которое Клейтон Кристенсен дал Марку Састеру во время Startup Grind 2013, на YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYVdf5xyD8I.

201

William G. Bowen, Matthew M. Chingos, Kelly A. Lack, and Thomas I. Nygren, «Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from Randomized Trials», Ithaka S+R Research Publication, May 22, 2012, http://www.sr.ithaka.org/research-publications/interactive-learning-online-public-universities-evidence-randomized-trials.

202

Описание этих двух случаев отравления кобальтом см.: Gina Kolata, «As Seen on TV, a Medical Mystery Involving Hip Implants Is Solved», New York Times, February 6, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/health/house-plays-a-role-in-solving-a-medical-mystery.html.

203

Catherine Rampell, «U. S. Health Spending Breaks from the Pack», New York Times (Economix blog), July 8, 2009, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/08/us-health-spending-breaks-from-the-pack/.

204

Корпоративный сайт компании IBM: http://www-3.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/watson_in_healthcare.shtml.

205

Spencer E. Ante, «IBM Struggles to Turn Watson Computer into Big Business», Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304887104579306881917668654.

206

Слова Кортни Динардо цит. по: Laura Nathan-Garner, «The Future of Cancer Treatment and Research: What IBM Watson Means for Our Patients.», MD Anderson — Cancerwise, November 12, 2013, http://www2.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/2013/11/the-future-of-cancer-treatment-and-research-what-ibm-watson-means-for-patients.html

207

Пресс-релиз Mayo Clinic: «Artificial Intelligence Helps Diagnose Cardiac Infections», September 12, 2009, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/mc-aih090909.php.

208

National Research Council, Preventing Medication Errors: Quality Chasm Series (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007), p. 47.

209

National Research Council, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000), p. 1.

210

Пресс-релиз Национальных академий: «Medication Errors Injure 1.5 Million People and Cost Billions of Dollars Annually», July 20, 2006, http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11623.

211

Martin Ford, «Dr. Watson: How IBM's Supercomputer Could Improve Health Care», Washington Post, September 16, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dr-watson-how-ibms-supercomputer-could-improve-health-care/2011/09/14/gIQAOZQzXK_story.html.

212

Roger Stark, «The Looming Doctor Shortage», Washington Policy Center, November 2011, http://www.washingtonpolicy.org/publications/notes/looming-doctor-shortage.

213

Marijke Vroomen Durning, «Automated Breast Ultrasound Far Faster Than Hand-Held», Diagnostic Imaging, May 3, 2012, http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/articles/automated-breast-ultrasound-far-faster-hand-held.

214

Подробнее о стратегии «двойного чтения» в рентгенологии см.: Farhad Manjoo, «Why the Highest-Paid Doctors Are the Most Vulnerable to Automation», Slate, September 27, 2011, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/robot_invasion/2011/09/will_robots_steal_your_job_3.html; I. Anttinen, M. Pamilo, M. Soiva, and M. Roiha, «Double Reading of Mammography Screening Films — One Radiologist or Two?», Clinical Radiology 48, no. 6 (December 1993): 414–421, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8293648?report=abstract; и Fiona J. Gilbert et al., «Single Reading with Computer-Aided Detection for Screening Mammography», New England Journal of Medicine, October 16, 2008, http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0803545.

215

Manjoo, «Why the Highest-Paid Doctors Are the Most Vulnerable to Automation».

216

Rachael King, «Soon, That Nearby Worker Might Be a Robo», Bloomberg Businessweek, June 2, 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2010-06-02/soon-that-nearby-worker-might-be-a-robotbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice.

217

Корпоративный пресс-релиз компании GE: «GE to Develop Robotic-Enabled Intelligent System Which Could Save Patients Lives and Hospitals Millions», January 30, 2013, http://www.genewscenter.com/Press-Releases/GE-to-Develop-Robotic-enabled-Intelligent-System-Which-Could-Save-Patients-Lives-and-Hospitals-Millions-3dc2.aspx.

218

См. сайт проекта I-Sur: http://www.isur.eu/isur/.

219

См. статистические данные о старении населения США на сайте Управления по делам пожилого населения Министерства здравоохранения и социальных услуг США: http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/.

220

См. статистические данные о старении японцев: «Difference Engine: The Caring Robot», The Economist, May 14, 2014, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babage/2013/05/automation-elderly.

221

См. статистические данные о старении японцев: «Difference Engine: The Caring Robot», The Economist, May 14, 2014, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babage/2013/05/automation-elderly.

222

«Robotic Exoskeleton Gets Safety Green Light», Discovery News, February 27, 2013, http://news.discovery.com/tech/robotics/robotic-exoskeleton-gets-safety-green-light-130227.htm.

223

Бюро трудовой статистики США: Occupational Outlook Handbook, http://www.bls.gov/ooh/most-new-jobs.htm.

224

Heidi Shierholz, «Six Years from Its Beginning, the Great Recession's Shadow Looms over the Labor Market», Economic Policy Institute, January 9, 2014, http://www.epi.org/publication/years-beginning-great-recessions-shadow/.

225

Steven Brill, «Bitter Pill: How Outrageous and Egregious Profits Are Destroying Our Health Care», Time, March 4, 2013.

226

Elisabeth Rosenthal, «As Hospital Prices Soar, a Stitch Tops $500», New York Times, December 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/health/as-hospital-costs-soar-single-stitch-tops-500.html.