Роботы наступают - Мартин Форд

105

См., например: Michael Kanellos, «With 3D Chips, Samsung Leaves Moore's Law Behind», Forbes.com, August 14, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelkanellos/2013/08/14/with-3d-chips-samsung-leaves-moores-law-behind; John Markoff, «Researchers Build a Working Carbon Nanotube Computer», New York Times, September 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/science/researchers-build-a-working-carbon-nanotube-computer.html?ref=johnmarkoff&_r=0.

106

President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, «Report to the President and Congress: Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology», December 2010, p. 71, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf.

107

James Fallows, «Why Is Software So Slow?», The Atlantic, August 14, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/why-is-software-so-slow/309422/.

108

По расчетам популяризатора науки Джоя Касада, нейроны обмениваются сигналами со скоростью 150 м/с. Это намного медленнее скорости обмена сигналами в компьютерных чипах. См.: Joy Casad, «How Fast Is a Thought?», Examiner.com, August 20, 2009, http://www.examiner.com/article/how-fast-is-a-thought.

109

Пресс-релиз компании IBM: «IBM Research Creates New Foundation to Program SyNAPSE Chips», August 8, 2013, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-research-creates-foundation-program-040100103.html.

110

См., например, «Rise of the Machines», The Economist (Free Exchange blog), October 20, 2010, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2010/10/technology.

111

Сайт Google Investor Relations: http://investor.google.com/financial/tables.html.

112

Исторические данные о General Motors см.: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/snapshots/1979/563.html. В 1979 г. GM получила прибыль в размере $3,5 млрд, что соответствует приблизительно $11 млрд в ценах 2012 г.

113

Scott Timberg, «Jaron Lanier: The Internet Destroyed the Middle Class», Salon.com, May 12, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/05/12/jaron_lanier_the_internet_destroyed_the_middle_class/.

114

Данное видео доступно для просмотра на youtube.com: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb2cI_gJUok; если ссылка не работает, наберите в строке поиска YouTube: «Man vs. Machine: Will Human Workers Become Obsolete?» Комментарий Курцвейла — на 5 мин. 40 сек.

115

Robert Jensen, «The Digital Provide: Information (Technology), Market Performance and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector», Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, no. 3 (2007): 879−924.

116

Список публикаций о рыбаках Керала не так велик. См.: The Rational Optimist by Matt Ridley, A History of the World in 100 Objects by Neil MacGregor, The Mobile Wave by Michael Saylor, Race Against the Machine by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Content Nation by John Blossom, Planet India by Mira Kamdar, «To Do with the Price of Fish», The Economist, May 10, 2007. Теперь он пополнился этой книгой.

117

David Carr, «The Robots Are Coming! Oh, They're Here», New York Times (Media Decoder blog), October 19, 2009, http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/the-robots-are-coming-oh-theyre-here.

118

Steven Levy, «Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?», Wired, April 24, 2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter.

119

Адрес корпоративного сайта компании Narrative Science: http://narrativescience.com.

120

George Leef, «The Skills College Graduates Need», Pope Center for Education Policy, December 14, 2006, http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=1770.

121

Kenneth Neil Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schoenberger, «The Rise of Big Data», Foreign Affairs, May/June 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139104/kenneth-neil-cukier-and-viktor-mayer-schoenberger/the-rise-of-big-data.

122

Thomas H. Davenport, Paul Barth, and Randy Bean, «How 'Big Data' Is Different», MIT Sloan Management Review, July 20, 2012, http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-big-data-is-different.

123

Charles Duhigg, «How Companies Learn Your Secrets», New York Times, February 16, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html.

124

Цит. по: Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p. 64.

125

Tom Simonite, «Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do», MIT Technology Review, March 17, 2014, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/525586/facebook-creates-software-that-matches-faces-almost-as-well-as-you-do/.

126

Цит. по: John Markoff, «Scientists See Promise in Deep-Learning Programs», New York Times, November 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-of-artificial-intelligence.html.

127

Don Peck, «They're Watching You at Work», The Atlantic, December 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/theyre-watching-you-at-work/354681/.

128

Патент США № 8,589,407, «Automated Generation of Suggestions for Personalized Reactions in a Social Network», November 19, 2013, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&S1=08589407&OS=PN/08589407&RS=PN/08589407.

129

Приведенные цифры были получены автором в ходе телефонного разговора с вице-президентом по маркетингу и стратегическому партнерству компании WorkFusion Адамом Девине 14.05.2014.

130

Этот случай описывается Стивеном Бейкером в его книге Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. 20. Также рассказывает об ужине в мясном ресторане и Джон Келли в книге Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), p. 27. Однако в книге Бейкера указывается, что, по мнению ряда сотрудников IBM, идея создания компьютера, который мог бы сыграть в «Jeopardy!», родилась задолго до памятного ужина.

131

Rob High, «The Era of Cognitive Systems: An Inside Look at IBM Watson and How it Works», IBM Redbooks, 2012, p. 2, http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4955.pdf.

132

Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, p. 30.

133

Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 9 и 26.

134

Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 68.

135

Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 68.

136

Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 78.

137

David Ferrucci, Eric Brown, Jennifer Chu-Carroll, James Fan, David Gondek, Aditya A. Kalyanpur, Adam Lally, J. William Murdock, Eric Nyberg, John Prager, Nico Schlaefer, and Chris Welty, «Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project», AI Magazine, Fall 2010, http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/Watson/watson.php.

138

Пресс-релиз компании IBM: «IBM Research Unveils Two New Watson Related Projects from Cleveland Clinic Collaboration», October 15, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/42203.wss.

139

IBM Case Study: «IBM Watson/Fluid, Inc.», November 4, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/pdf/Fluid_case_study_11_4_2013.pdf.

140

«IBM Watson/MD Buyline, Inc.», IBM Case Study, November 4, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/pdf/MDB_case_study_11_4_2013.pdf.

141

Пресс-релиз IBM: «Citi and IBM Enter Exploratory Agreement on Use of Watson Technologies», March 5, 2012, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/37029.wss.

142

Пресс-релиз IBM: «IBM Watson's Next Venture: Fueling New Era of Cognitive Apps Built in the Cloud by Developers», November 14, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/42451.wss.

143

Quentin Hardy, «IBM to Announce More Powerful Watson via the Internet», New York Times, November 13, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/technology/ibm-to-announce-more-powerful-watson-via-the-internet.html?_r=0.

144

Nick Heath, «'Let's Try and Not Have a Human Do It': How One Facebook Techie Can Run 20,000 Servers», ZDNet, November 25, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/lets-try-and-not-have-a-human-do-it-how-one-facebook-techie-can-run-20000-servers-7000023524.