Позитивные изменения. Города будущего. Тематический выпуск, 2022 / Positive changes. The cities of the future. Special issue, 2022 - Редакция журнала «Позитивные изменения»
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The History of Cities of the Future: from the Ancient Polis to the City. Based on Interests
Ivan Smekalin
DOI 10.55140/2782-5817-2022-2-S2-16-23
When it comes to the cities of the future, most people are likely to imagine colorful computer renderings of futuristic-looking, zero-carbon buildings. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the talks about the city of the future are of a much larger scale and have been going on for centuries. This journey into the history of the concept will touch on the historical, social, and cultural aspects of the discussion of the city of the future and how the notion of the city changed in different historical eras.
Ivan Smekalin
Analyst, Positive Changes Factory, MA in Sociology student (EHESS, Paris)
FORMERLY: THE ANCIENT POLIS
As a community of city dwellers, the ancient polis differs from what is understood to be a city nowadays: the city merged with the village and was undivided from it and the state (Svanidze, 1999). Plato, in his Republic, depicts the ultimate social order that is effective precisely within the boundaries of the polis.
As part of the ideal polis, Plato described the coexistence of different social categories for the public good. The city is structured as nested circles with the center in the form of a temple complex and palace (Polyakov & Kryukova, 2015). The polis consists of the city proper and the adjoining land, where a citizen has two dwellings — in the city and on the outskirts. Citizens’ houses in the city are continuously arranged around a circular block with public buildings (courts, market squares, gymnasiums, and military units) in the center. Rings of residential development are surrounded by greenbelts and bodies of water. This city layout was to support the concept of a just social order — a middle way in politics, where each citizen occupies a clear position in the state (philosopher, warrior or craftsman) and in the city. Plato’s polis was based on autonomy and was completely static — the project did not envisage trade with the outside world or any change in the structure of the city.
THE CITY AS A MEDIEVAL COMMERCIAL SETTLEMENT: THE URBAN AIR MAKES YOU FREE
Historically, the city as an independent phenomenon is the result of the specialization of labor. In the 9th and 13th centuries cities were separated from villages as places where artisans and church hierarchs lived. Cities emerge as centers of trade and craft production (Tilly, 2009). It is worth noting that the city in the modern sense is a historically contingent phenomenon that is about a thousand years old. Moreover, during these years most of humanity lived in villages, and it was not until 2006 that city dwellers began to be more numerous[7].
It was in the Middle Ages that the city began to demonstrate social distinctions: it became the center of trade, administration, religious and social life (Svanidze, 1999). Residents moved from the village to the city also for the reason that there was a legal custom "The urban air makes you free" (Gurevich, 2005). It meant that a serf was liberated after several years of life in the city. Cities were created on someone’s land — the land of a feudal lord, monarch, or church. Simultaneously with the formation of the urban system came the communal movement. It was a struggle of the urban community (commune) against their liege lord. The ideal city of the Middle Ages is artistically and metaphysically typified by the City of God without a concrete image of the urban layout.
THE CITY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: SHEEP DEVASTATE CITIES
The industrialization would alter a medieval city very much. Industrial buildings and new social classes appeared in its center. The
